The Importance Of Ethics In Nursing Practice - 1155 Words

First of all to have an understanding of this paper, and before these cases would be analyzed, the meaning of Ethics must be understood. According to McGonigle and Mastrian (2018), â€Å"Ethics is a process of systematically examining varying viewpoints related to moral questions of right and wrong (p.78). Ethics simply means morals, the relationship between right and wrong, knowing the laws and rules governing certain acts and abiding by them, that is to say following laid down guidelines on how people should operate. The act of being ethical is being equitable, honorable, and distinguished in your relationship with others and your profession. Because the importance of ethics in nursing practice, and generally in health care cannot be†¦show more content†¦The students’ rights to fidelity were violated. Next, the two cases are alike because patients’ medical records and confidentialities were accessed by those not directly involved with their care, and made public. The patients/students were promised fidelity as an ethical principle, but that agreement was bridged. And the parties involved caused harm to the patients. There is no difference between the cases, they only differed slightly based on the institution the violations were carried out, and the perpetrators. One was in school, and by a student who necessarily may not have heard or signed the HIPAA, whereas the other was in a hospital and perpetrated by an employee involved in a non-nursing direct care, but have signed the HIPAA. Like earlier mentioned, the ethical principles that applied to case one was nonmaleficence, beneficence, fidelity, which is trust and confidentiality, whereas the second case was also based on nonmaleficence and fidelity, as both patients confidentiality were made public and the trust was lost. Beneficence also means ensuring the betterment of a patient, the two cases did not display this goodness to their patients when their health records were accessed through the database of the institutions from their log in pages. More so, in applying provision 3 of the Code of Ethics for nurses, it laid out specific guidelines for nurses’ promotion and protection of patients right,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Acting Ethically When Working As A Nurse1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of acting ethically when working as a nurse. Introduction: Ethics is an essential aspect of health care practice and those working in the nursing profession are often subject to frequent ethical dilemmas. It is essential for all nurses to be aware of the importance of ethics in health care and to practice within the ethico-legal parameters that govern the profession. However, while this is relatively easy in theory, ethics is not a black and white subject and often one’s culture,Read MoreProfessional And Personal Application Statement1580 Words   |  7 PagesIndianapolis â€Æ' Introduction Transitioning into the role of an advanced practice nurse requires more than simply gaining more education or demonstrating leadership abilities beyond that of a traditional registered nurse. Instead, the role of an advanced practice nurse requires an understanding and appreciation of the ethical challenges and issues that will be faced, as well as communicating the importance of ethics to other nursing professionals (Jormsri et al., 2005). In order to be prepared to handleRead MoreTransition Paper1210 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Assignment NR 101 Ethics in Nursing In the world of medical ethics no sector of healthcare has been under more scrutiny and has drawn more phisophical debates, been under review or been a more sensitive and critical part of the healthcare field than the world of ethics in the field of nursing. Nursing is one of the most pivotal aspects of every medical practice in the world. And today the importance of nursing ethics is ruling right up there with the importance of oxygen. It is an irrefutableRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Conduct1564 Words   |  7 PagesEthics is defined in multiple ways. These are considered as rules or regulations which sense the right or wrong doing related to any individual. Ethics in professional life can be defined as the sense of a person with which is responsible for controlling that routine practice of a particular person with which he can distinguish between right and wrong (Resnik, 2011). In professional fields, the importance of ethics can’t be denied. Every profession makes use o f certain guidelines on the basis ofRead MoreNursing : A Fine Profession Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesNursing; A Fine Profession Complex structures, such as skyscrapers, contain many flights of stairs with lower levels providing important foundations for sequential floors, but at the same time including a vast profession of their own. Each individual level demonstrates just as much importance as the next—without the first or needless to say the tenth floor, the twenty-second floor would not exist. Similarly, the nursing profession embraces a strong code of ethics, professional conduct, and a commitmentRead MoreNursing Practice And The Ethics Of Care871 Words   |  4 Pages Nursing Practice and the Ethics of Care Kelli O’Dea Chamberlain College of Nursing Nursing 103 Spring, 2017 Nursing Practice and the Ethics of Care The ability of a nurse to combine the principles of caring and ethics, is perhaps the best medicine. â€Å"I’ve learned that people will forget what you said, forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.† Maya Angelou (n.d.) This article helps nurses to understand the importance of caring and ethics in patient careRead MoreNursing : Regarding The Importance Of Patient Priority In Nursing963 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics in Nursing: Regarding the Importance of Patient Priority Carlie Cupp Indiana University East Ethics in Nursing: Regarding the Importance of Patient Priority In order to create a morally and ethically sound practice and health care environment for every patient, the nurse’s decision-making role is vital and should be treated as such. The nurse’s professional morals and ethics should always be patient oriented to consistently assure the best decisions are being madeRead MoreImportance of Ethical Theory in Nursing1322 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The concept of ethical nursing and culturally competent care are becoming more and more important in the contemporary nursing practice (Smith Godfrey,2002).Despite their general appreciation in nursing practice, challenges and dilemma often clouds their application in a world which is continually being marked with a culturally diverse and demanding population. In this paper we present a critical review of ethics and cultural competence in professional nursing practice with a clear focus on theRead MoreWgu Professional Role and Value Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences like the Board of Nursing (BRN) and Professional Nursing Organization (PNO). The Board of Nursing has the function of ensuring that the standard of practice in nursing is being followed and keeping the health care consumers safety as a priority. The board of registered nurses protects the patients by evaluating if nurses meet criteria before acquiring their nursing license by examination and also by reviewing unsafe practices by nurses. The Professional Nursing Organization on the otherRead MorePersonal Ethics974 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal ethics What personal, cultural, and spiritual values contribute to your worldview and philosophy of nursing? How do these values shape or influence your nursing practice? Ethics and values form the basis of nursing. Nurses provide nursing care by preventing illness, reducing suffering and promoting restoration of health in individuals, families, societies and communities. Nursing involves technical skills and abilities, duty and service to others with compassion and efficient decision-making

Critical Analysis Before 1492 - 1419 Words

Bree McGee POLS205 Critical Analysis 1 10 February 2016 To begin, much of the information read throughout these chapters was new information presented to me. Reading these articles answered some questions that I had about history and triggered more questions that are unanswered. Questioning how Columbus got â€Å"lucky† in the discovery of America or where race originated from, are some of the things I wondered as I read. Thinking about how different life could have been if even the slightest bit of history was changed is interesting. What if Africa discovered America? In the text, â€Å"Before 1492†, it states that other continents may have treated the Native Americans the same way if they came to America. Within Blaut’s text in Chapter 2, he focuses on how the same things that occurred in Europe before 1492 were happening in other continents within the Eastern Hemisphere. They were experiencing protocapitalist and the feudal class structure. With this he continues to give examples of how these continents were faci ng the same adversities. On page 156, it states, â€Å"In the years before 1492, agriculture was practiced, from southern Africa to northern Europe, northern Asia, southeastern Asia, and most regions of the Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii.† With this point, he continues to explain how the continents have similar feudal modes of production. The peasants cared for the land of the landlord. â€Å"In all three continents we find relatively small rural regions along with a few highlyShow MoreRelatedThe Unconverted Self By Jonathan Boyarin Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pagesthis book, is that European identity reaches modernity after 1492 with the discovery of the radically different culture of Indigenous Americans (p. 9). Boyarin argues that this is untrue, as this belief operates under the incorrect assumption that the European people were a homogenous population (p.9). Instead, Boyarin â€Å"seeks to move beyond the concept of two separate Europes,† and proposes instead tha t this â€Å"othering† that was so critical to define Christian identity was already occurring in pre contactRead MoreWhy did the Great Divergence Occur1384 Words   |  6 Pagesin â€Å"loving detail† while completely disregarding any other non-European economic changes. McNeil is critical of Landes’ argument, which states that Europeans were disassociated from infestations that â€Å"plagued† China and India before 1000 A.D., as Europeans were supposedly â€Å"fostering economic growth.† McNeil, however, sees this as a prime example of geographic determinism. McNeil is also critical of Landes’ preoccupation in the happenings of Europe alone, while remaining dismissive of all economicRead MoreGlobalization1448 Words   |  6 PagesQ1: Define Globalization 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and provide a sample of the type of business data managers collected during each era. Globalization 1.0 started in 1492 when Columbus set sail and lasted until about 1800. As it’s in our book, in this era countries dominated by white men controlled businesses, mainly about governments and countries. The various colonizing peoples were concerned about the extent of their individual power and the best way to extend their influence. The power of individualRead MoreThe Analysis of Canonical Literature 1134 Words   |  5 Pagestheir own mouths (Milton book X). Milton does this to allow the reader to make the same mistake Adam and Eve made so as to understand why it is important to follow what you stand for, otherwise face problems in the future. As mentioned before, Free Will plays a critical role in literature as depicted in Paradise Lost. Milton compares Free Will to Gods foreknowledge of events that will happen and explains the difference. While God knows what will happen, he only knows this because he is aware of whatRead MoreSocial Tension Surrounding The United States Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pagessociological tension for several decades in the United States. It can be seen daily in our newspapers, television shows and especially in America politics. In fact, it could be argued that this form of social tension in the United States goes as far back as 1492 when Christopher Columbus first stepped foot on what is now North America. It was from this point that social tension surrounding immigration into the modern United States truly began between early European explorers and the existing Native AmericansRead MoreReduce Er Wait Time4848 Words   |  20 Pagesregional hospital. In the first phase of the study, a field observation was conducted to document the current operation of the ED. The second phase of the study will be the building and validation of a Flexsim computer model of the ED for modeling, analysis, visualization, and optimization of the patient flow within the ED. The validity of the model will be established by compar ison of simulation results with actual data. In the third phase, the model will be utilized to evaluate the impacts of differentRead MoreUsing Six Sigma Approach For Reducing Transfer Times From Emergency Rooms3005 Words   |  13 Pagesa Community Hospital Introduction Waiting time has been perceived as a way of measuring quality of service within a health care facility. Long wait times in the emergency room has been identified as the main cause for patients leaving the system before receiving any treatment and decreased patient satisfaction (Majid, Suradi Sabri, 2013). Patient’s perspectives on hospital care are currently measured by national standardized survey instrument called the Hospital Consumer Assessment of HealthcareRead More Inventing the Caribbean: Columbus’s Creation of the Other Essay2721 Words   |  11 PagesInventing the Caribbean: Columbus’s Creation of the Other Columbus’s invasion of the Caribbean in 1492 brought Native American and European cultures together for the first time in a startling encounter that reshaped the worldviews of both groups. In The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other, Tzvetan Todorov seeks to understand the ways in which the Spanish worldview shaped Columbus’s perception of the natives of Hispaniola, as he fashioned an other from his own sense ofRead MoreEssay on An Analysis of Shakespeares The Tempest3488 Words   |  14 PagesAn Analysis of Shakespeares The Tempest There are many ways of interpreting Shakespeares The Tempest. A Post-Colonialist critic, such as Stephen Greenblatt, will look at the influence of historical and political implications of colonialism on the text. Along these lines, a Reader Response critic, such as Paul Yachnin, will look specifically at Shakespeares audience and their concerns at the time in which the play was written. Very different from these approaches, a Psychological criticRead MoreHumans and Our Culture of Gold Essay1780 Words   |  8 Pagesby enduring fundamentals, can still provide valuable reassurance. Discoveries and invasions The search for gold was responsible for the discovery of America. The attraction of the precious metal led Christopher Columbus to set forth from Spain in 1492. He wanted to find a western route to India and China, in an attempt to find the source of Chinas gold. In the process he discovered America. The presence of gold led to the eventual destruction of the Incan and Aztec cultures. They were plundered

Economics restaurant price Free Essays

The restaurant price and whole price data shows that cost based and price discrimination based theory has been applied to the fifty wine products listed. The groups of wine are divided into to groups. They are the red win group and the white wine group. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics restaurant price or any similar topic only for you Order Now The data shows that the restaurant owners bought the wines from the whole sale store. The restaurant owner then adds a markup to cover for the cost of running a restaurant. The cost of running a restaurant includes the whole cost of the wine bought from the wholesale store and the cost serving the wine. Waiters, cashiers and dishwashers are part of the wine serving process(Brown,16). The additional restaurant wine includes the additional cleanup, the cost of storing the wine in the wine store room, the cost of managing and ensuring continuous stocks of the wines in the restaurant storeroom. The additional markup includes the cost of paying a wine connoisseur. He is an expert in wine criticism and advices the company on which wine to buy, how long to store the wines in the store room, and also how to serve wine. The most important reason for introducing markups is to charge the restaurant clients for staying long hours on their tables talking business, or seducing a love object. In addition, the data presented showing that the restaurant price is an amount that has a mark –up of ninety –nine percent or more above the cost of buying the wines is definitely true. The restaurants add markups based on the willingness of the customers to pay the additional prices. This market segment does not care about the price of wine because they know that they want to add the high –priced wine to the food that they gobble up in the restaurants. This market segment even prefer to buy the high priced wines just for the pride of showing to their next table clients and to their restaurant friends that they have lots and lots of money. This market segment is willing to pay more for a wine because they feel that these wines rare and are of higher quality than the other wine brands(Philips,18). The data showing the fifteen wines clearly indicates that the restaurant charges each client a higher fee for the rare and higher –quality ones. The data also shows that the restaurant owners charge clients higher if they feel that the clients can afford to pay higher for the wines. On the other hand, the restaurant is willing to charge a higher markup if they foresee that the client is a little hard up on cash upon entering the restaurant. The implications of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above are many. One implication is that the restaurant must introduce the markups in order to stay in the business. A business would not survive if it does not make the bottom line. The bottom line is that the company must generate a net profit. A company that does not make a profit generates a loss. A company that generates a loss would not look good to the stakeholders of the company. The stakeholders of the company includes the stockholders, the employees, the customers, the suppliers, the community, the government regulating agencies, the labor unions, and even the board of directors if there are any. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are customers who do not mind the markups. Many of the customers can easily see that the higher amount they pay for the wines bought in restaurants is because they are will savor an hour or two of their romantic interludes and seduction in the restaurants. They will use the restaurant to sort of ‘lay their cards down’ in the courtship game of life. This is the value that the restaurant clients get in exchange for willingly paying more for a bottle of wine. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the restaurant prices of some wines are higher than the other wine choices. The $14. 25 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 96 percent of the cost. The $17. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 182 percent of the cost. The $18. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 133 percent of the cost. The $21. 60 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 99 percent of the cost. The $12. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 180 percent of the cost. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are people who can afford the higher cost of wines. The $17. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 182 percent of the cost. The $12. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 180 percent of the cost. The $ 7. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 220 percent of the cost. The $14. 63 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 180 percent of the cost. The $13. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 196 percent of the cost. The $ 6. 75 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 255 percent of the cost. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there different wine qualities. The $ 6. 75 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 255 percent of the cost. The $14. 25 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 96 percent of the cost. The $17. 58 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 133 percent of the cost. The $17. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 182 percent of the cost. The $ 7. 50 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 220 percent of the cost. The $18. 00 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 133 percent of the cost. The $19. 20 restaurant wine price is priced at a markup of 119 percent of the cost. Another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the business will survive. The different prices of the wines show that they are done to fit the budget of the clients. One wine is priced at $28 a bottle. Another wine is priced at Another wine is priced at $48. Another wine is priced at $78. Another wine is priced at $122. Another wine is priced at $32. Another wine is priced at $40. Another wine is priced at $24(Haslam,100). The above discussion shows that there many implications of variances in the restaurant prices when compared to the whole prices. Definitely, One implication is that the restaurant must introduce the markups in order to stay in the business. Clearly, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are customers who do not mind the markups. Undoubtedly, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the restaurant prices of some wines are higher than the other wine choices. Surely, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there are people who can afford the higher cost of wines. Truly, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that there different wine qualities. Unquestionably, another implication of the cost based and price discrimination based discussion above is that the business will survive. Conclusively, the restaurant pricing above is founded on the economic principles of supply and demand(McConnell Brue,52). REFERENCES: Haslam, C. , Economics in a Business Context, Oxford, Taylor Francis, 1989 McConnell, C. , Brue, S. , Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies, N. Y. , McGraw- Hill, 2005 Brown, D. , The Restaurant Manager’s Hnadbook: How to Set Up, Operate, and Manage a Financially Succesful Food Service Operation. N. Y. , Atlantic Press, 2003 Philips, L. , The Economics of Price Discrimination: four essays in applied price theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983 How to cite Economics restaurant price, Papers

Small Business Performance Business Strategy Method

Question: Discuss about the Small Business Performance for Business Strategy Method. Answer: Introduction: In the world of today a clear stream of communication is of the utmost importance. A clear and lucid stream of communication is mandatory in any organization to ensure a proper and perfect functioning of the organization. A company has its own set of rules and regulations that the employees of the organization need to follow. It ensures that all the rules and regulation are adhered and with a clear stream of communication, efficient working is achieved. In this report, the aim is to formulate and develop a communication plan and a education plan for an organization. It also develops the communication and education plan to promote the benefits of change to the organization. Its aim is to minimize loss and arrange activities to deliver the plan to all relevant groups and individuals of an organization. It discusses the process how the relevant groups and individuals can be consulted after the process of change is commenced. It also analyses the barriers to the change and develops a ris k management and a mitigation plan for the company, Bounce Fitness. The report then uses a Gantt chart to include the plans and activities that are to be included for the plans to be implemented. It then discusses the strategies and the procedure of activation for embedding the changes. It then discusses the technique and the time of evaluation, review and modification of the plan if needed. Communication and education plan: An organization always stands on two important supports: one is the clear communication stream amongst the employees and the management of the company and the understanding of the rules and regulations of the company (Bovee and Courtland 2012). A successful communication plan is necessary in an organization to ensure that all the information is transformed and passed on to the employees and the management of the organization in an efficient manner. The communication strategy for Bounce Fitness, a company that deals with fitness and health products should enable the employees of the company to have a clear and lucid communication stream (Bouncefitness.com, 2017). The communication plan of Bounce Fitness must include the following stages: Stage 1: Identify the issues that need to be monitored in the company. Stage 2: Develop a certain approach to deal with the issues. Stage 3: Each issue has to be taken and has to be addressed. Stage 4: Record the achievement achieved through the adoption of these steps (Stutely 2012). Educational Plan: A company works on a set of rules and regulation which ensures a proper functioning of the company, which helps in achieving the desired profit outcomes and adds up to the revenue stock. The employees of a company must be educated about the dos and donts of the rules and regulation of the company in order to ensure a proper and efficient functioning of the organization. An educational plan in an organization should aim at educating the employees about the rules and regulations of the company and the process of adhering to the set of rules set by the management of the company. The education plan should also enlighten the employees about the details and the hierarchy of the company, the steps to grievance redressal and the details of the HR policy and maintaining decorum inside the office premises, all come under the purview of an education plan in an organization (Blackburn, Hart and Wainwright 2013). The education plan of Bounce Fitness must include the following stages: Introductory session with the employees where they must be informed about the company and its rules and regulations and the consequences that might fall upon the employees if they breach any code or rules of the company. Next session should help the employees to learn about the hierarchy of the company. The next session should inform the employees about the steps to grievance redressal. The next session should inform the employees about the HR policy of the company and the steps to go about approaching any issue that they might face. To implement these two plans, required officials of the company must be approached. For the communication plan, the management of the company as well as the individual team leaders of each department must be involved. However, for the educational plan, the Human Resources department of the company as well as the administrative department of the company must be approached. Communication and education plan for change Change is an essential element in any field. It is all the more important in an organizational and a business setting. Through the process of change, any sort of modification or alteration is embedded within an organization. Therefore, the procedure for embedding change in Bounce Fitness should be brought about through a communication and an educational plan. The employees of the company need to be educated about a process of change in the company that is essential to bring in a certain modification and alteration to the company. The communication plan should have the following stages: The management of the company must be made aware of the benefits, both long term and short term, to the company. The managers must become aware what benefits the changes will bring to the company. The benefits should be discussed with the employees of the company in a hierarchal manner. The process of change must be intimated to the required department and the required head of team that is involved in implementing the change into the organization. The overall effect of change must be forecasted properly to each department of the company. The educational plan to implement the change must be through the following stages: The employees and the management of the company must be enlightened about the benefits that the change will bring to the company. The employees of the company should be enlightened about the steps and the process through which the change can be implemented. The change that has to be imbibed should come through specific departments and those departments must be educated about the procedure of implementing change. To minimize loss, the techniques of achieving the maximum productivity and revenue have to be intensified (Hayes 2014). Input to the change process Each relevant groups and individuals must be approached to ask for some inputs to the process of change in the company. The administrative department and the Human Resources department must be consulted to proceed with the process of change. The administrative department must look into the stages of implementation of change into the company. The HR department must be in charge of prepping and helping the employees to accept and implement the changes. The administrative department must ask the required team heads for any feedback and suggestion regarding the implementation of change in the company. The concerned department must come and report to the HR head if any grievance regarding the implementation of change is to be reported (Cummings and Worley 2014). Barriers to the change: As is the case with every company, there are certain barriers to the change in an organization. They are: Lack of enthusiasm in the employees: The main barrier to the implementation of change is the lack of enthusiasm amongst the employees of the company. Lack of efficient communication program: An effective communication planning is the most important aspect of implementing a change. Without it there cannot be any change that can be implemented in the company. Complexity: The complexity present within an organization sometimes poses a great barrier to the implementation of change in a company A bad planning: Sometimes a faulty planning proves to be detrimental for implementing a change in the company. A risk management and a mitigation plan can tackle all these barriers. The plan should take into consideration the risks and the ways to combat those risks to successfully implement the change in the organization. The employees should be made excited about the change by reiterating the benefits that the change will bring about. An efficient communication program should be in place to let the employees know about the change and its effect on the company as well as on them. The complexity within the organization that proves as a hindrance to the implementation of change must dealt with the cooperation of the administrative and the HR department. An efficient planning is essential to implement a change in the company. Gantt chart: Action plan and activity Months M Jan M Feb M Mar M April M May M June M July Identifying the areas requiring change Informing the management about the necessary change Segregating the required plan into the required teams Initial implementation of plan in the basic stage Informing the employees in the required department about the change Prepping them up for the change Implementing the change all over the company Finding out any glitches that is affecting the implementation of change and addressing the issue and smoothening out the procedure to implement change Feedback of the employees are taken The relevant feedbacks are imbibed Ensuring that the change is properly assimilated within the company Noting the difference that the change made to the company Strategies for embedding the change: Change in an organization has to be imbibed in a systematic and an organized manner. To implement the change, the Kotter model of change can be followed. It involves the following steps (Hrebiniak 2013): Creating urgency: For any change to be successfully implemented, an urgency needs to be created. The entire company must want the change in order to have a successful implementation. Forming a powerful coalition: A strong and powerful leadership and coalition is required to successfully implement a change. Creating a vision for change: A vision for change is necessary to implement a change in an organization (Antonioli, Mancinelli and Mazzanti2013) Communicating the vision: The vision has to be communicated to the required team and the management of the organization. Removing obstacles: The hindrances to the implementation of the change have to be identified and removed. Creating short-term goals: Short-term goals can be achieved easily and thus can be a great confidence booster to the employees as well as the management. Building on the change: The process of change cannot be a short one. It is a long one and thus can be achieved only through a long and patient process. Anchoring the changes in the corporate culture: The changes then have to imbibed in to the corporate culture of the company (Applebaum et al., 2012). Evaluation and review: After implementing the change in an organization, an evaluation and review of the change becomes extremely necessary to monitor the success or the failure of the program of change. An evaluation of the change has to be done by the end of a year. A year of implementing a change into an organization needs to be monitored and reviewed after a year as only after a year can the changes are understood clearly. The review must include the monitoring of the effects of change in specific and required departments. The areas where some amount of modification is required, has to be identified and then implemented the required changes that need to be modified (Sadgrove2016). References: Antonioli, D., Mancinelli, S. and Mazzanti, M., 2013. Is environmental innovation embedded within high-performance organisational changes? The role of human resource management and complementarity in green business strategies.Research Policy,42(4), pp.975-988. Appelbaum, S.H., Habashy, S., Malo, J.L. and Shafiq, H., 2012. Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.Journal of Management Development,31(8), pp.764-782. Blackburn, R.A., Hart, M. and Wainwright, T., 2013. Small business performance: business, strategy and owner-manager characteristics.Journal of small business and enterprise development,20(1), pp.8-27. Bouncefitness.com. (2017). Bounce Fitness. [online] Available at: https://www.bouncefitness.com/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017]. Bovee and Courtland, 2012.Business Communication Today, 10/e. Pearson Education India. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hrebiniak, L.G., 2013.Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. FT Press. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Stutely, R., 2012.The definitive business plan: the fast track to intelligent planning for executives and entrepreneurs. Pearson UK.

Juliet is surrounded by caring adults who are concerned for her. Explore this view of the adults in the play Essay Example

Juliet is surrounded by caring adults who are concerned for her. Explore this view of the adults in the play Essay Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare at a relatively early juncture in his literary career, most probably in 1594 or 1595. It is a tragic story of forbidden love. The whole episode of Romeo and Juliets meeting, falling in love, marriage, and tragic end, takes place within five days.Around the time when Romeo and Juliet was written, people were beginning to question traditional beliefs about rank and social order, and ideas that people should be superior just because they were born into wealthier families, or that those in power should always be obeyed without question. Perhaps this is shown in Romeo Juliet when Juliet does not follow her fathers ruling that she should marry Paris and embarks on a risky plan to get away with Romeo. Elizabethan women were raised to believe that they were inferior to men. The church believed this and quoted the Bible to ensure the continued adherence to this principle. Elizabethan women were also dominated by the male members of their family.In Juliets case, she is dominated and subjugated by her father. Juliet, the only child of the Capulet family means she is first priority to her parents. Along with this came a responsibility and choice for Juliet to either obey or contradict her upbringing. This being true; in her best interest; her father tries to give her a life which he thinks she will be happy in. Throughout the play we relate Juliet to be a nurtured little girl, having many adults around her to ensure that she is brought up protected and educated about life.The Nurses relationship with Juliet focuses attention on Juliets age. Juliet is still a young girl when the play begins, not yet fourteen, as we learn in Act I, Scene 3, the Nurse repeatedly asserts that Juliet has not yet had her 14th birthday. In contrast to Juliets youth, the Nurse is old and enjoys complaining about her aches and pains. Fie, how my bones ache! By the Nurse: Even or odd, of all days in the year, Come Lammas Eve at night shall she be fourteen (18-19).The Nurse knows this date very well because she had a daughter who that same day died at birth therefore; she raised Juliet perhaps as she would have raised her own child. The Nurses main purpose within the play is to act as a go-between for Romeo and Juliet, and is the only other character besides Friar Laurence to know of their wedding. The Nurse, despite being a servant in the Capulet household, has a role equivalent to that of Juliets mother and regards Juliet as her own daughter.Juliet sees the Nurse as a friend, confidante, and appreciates the help the nurse has given her. Throughout the play, Juliet relies on and trusts the Nurse in most of her endeavours and undertakings. Each time Juliet needs to get in touch with Romeo the Nurse is there, helping her in any way she can. However When we first get introduced to the Nurse, we interpret her as a coarse and loquacious, but well-intentioned woman, without affectation, and having Juliets best interests at heart.At last we discover, as Juliet does, that the Nurse does not really understand Juliets love for Romeo and her faithfulness. She doesnt share Juliets idea of love; for her, love is a temporary and physical relationship, so she cant understand the intense and spiritual love Romeo and Juliet share. The Nurse, often repeats herself, and her vulgar references to the sexual aspect of love set the idealistic love of Romeo and Juliet apart from the love described by other characters in the play. The Nurse is shown to be relatively lewd and promiscuous. Juliets frustration at having to rely upon the Nurse as her messenger is used to comic effect in Act II, Scene 5, when Juliet is forced to listen to the Nurses complaint and ailments while trying to sweet-talk from her, the news of her wedding plans.O honey nurse, what news? /Now, good sweet nurse,O Lord, why lookst thou sad? When the Nurse brings Juliet news of Romeos wedding arrangements, she focuses on the pleasures of Juliets wedding night, I am th e drudge, and toil in your delight, / But you shall bear the burden soon at night (II.5.75-76). This clash in outlook manifests itself when she advises Juliet to forget the banished Romeo and instead marry Paris, betraying Juliets trust by advocating a false marriage. Act 3 Scene 5 I think it best you married with the County. O, hes a lovely gentleman. Romeos a dishclout to him. (218-220). Juliet cant believe that the Nurse offers such a course of action after she praised Romeo and literally helped bring them together. The nurses social position places her in the serving class; she is not empowered to create change around her.Her maternal instinct toward Juliet sustains her to aid Juliet in marrying Romeo; however, when Capulet becomes infuriated and enraged; the Nurse retreats quickly into submission and urges Juliet to forget Romeo. The nurses reaction toward Juliets death is genuine and natural. O woe, O woeful, woeful day! Most lamentable day, most woeful day. That ever, ever I did yet behold. This shows how close her relationship with Juliet was despite her advising Juliet to marry Paris instead of her true love Romeo. It could be argued that she reacted the way she did because she felt guilty of letting Juliet proceed with her plan to meet Romeo once again. Either way this shows she had Juliets best interest in mind.Lady Capulet, Juliets biological mother only tells her what to do, and has never been personally close with Juliet. When Juliet comes of age to get married, Lady Capulet wants her to marry Paris, and does not care how Juliet feels about it. When Lady Capulet comes to tell Juliet the news about her arranged marriage with Paris, Lady Capulet mistakes Juliets tears for Romeo as grief over Tybalts death. Juliets replies strengthen this belief, as they were deliberately ambiguous; to hide her feelings for Romeo as Lady Capulet threatens vengeance; promising that Romeo will be poisoned in Mantra. Juliet tries to talk to her mother, and tells her th at she does not want to marry Paris, but Lord Capulet walks in and angrily tells her that she will go and marry Paris even if he has to drag her there.Juliet again pleads with her mother to delay the marriage even for a week, but Lady Capulet shows no remorse and affection to help her daughter so instead she only responds with, Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word. Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee Act 3 Scene 5 (214-215). This line interprets how lady Capulet would rather chose not say a word; to help her daughters situation, than undertake and live with her husbands reaction because she is too scared to speak out against him for fear of his rage.Even if the brides mother cared for her daughters feelings, she would seldom intervene, firstly because she would not be particularly close to her daughter, as the child would be raised by a wet nurse, especially among the richer families. Secondly, wives had no power against their husbands, as is shown in Romeo and Juliet. La dy Capulet herein demonstrates that she has never had to deal with a wilful child. Only when Juliet pretends to go along with the arranged marriage to Paris does she win back her mothers attentions. In this scene Juliet, only moments after being together with Romeo, is in a difficult situation. At first she tries simple disobedience, as she is still a young child.At the same time she uses irony, saying things that have a different real meaning from what appears on the surface. Yet let me weep for such a feeling loss. But she is also resourceful and ultimately very brave. Lady Capulet at first seems concerned for her daughter, but when Juliet defies her, she passes the problem on to her husband. Towards the end of the scene lady Capulet says I would the fool were married to her grave! This is a use of dramatic irony because the audience knows that what Lady Capulet had said is actually going to happen and that the married couple Romeo and Juliet will die. Towards the end when Lady Ca pulet believes that her daughter Juliet has died her feelings and emotions towards her have changed dramatically and visibly.It is almost as if Lady Capulet has shown her only daughter her most concern and sympathy when she thinks she is dead. O me, O me, my child, my only life! Revive look up, or I will call thee help, help! Call help. Lady Capulets reaction is again, ambiguous. She grieves for her lost Juliet, and yet her final words suggest a kind of self-concern. O me! This sight of death is as a bell. That warns my old age to a sepulcher.Lord Capulet has a philosophical and idealistic perspective and wants the wedding to go ahead on time. Lord Capulet changes his mind about when Juliet should get married; this is because he has had time to consider Paris proposal and now believes that he has Juliets best interests at heart. He thinks Juliet will obey him and be ruled in all respects by him. He hasnt consulted his daughter about marriage to Paris but believes, foolishly, that sh e will obey him.He may believe that by marrying her to Paris her grief for Tybalt will be forgotten and she will become happy once again. With such a sudden change in Lord Capulets behaviour; it influences our view of him as a father in many aspects; he is now portrayed as a father who wants to be in control and have power over his daughter and her life. Before knowing that Juliet does not agree with his decision for her to marry Paris he tries to comfort her when he intervenes and mistakes Juliets tears for her grieving over Tybalts death. What, still in tears? Evermore showering?In one little body Thou counterfeitst a bark, a sea, a wind; For still thy eyes, which I may call the sea, Do ebb and flow with tears; the bark thy body is, Sailing in this salt flood; the winds thy sighs who, raging with thy tears, and they with them, without a sudden calm, will overset thy tempest-tossed body? In this quote Capulet is confused as to why Juliet is crying, and he is reassuring her with a m eaningful and expressive speech. Commonly this would be classed as a loving parent trying to reassure his daughter. The reference to the bark (boat) is a metaphor; Lord Capulet is describing Juliet as a ship tossed in a storm. This also shows Lord Capulet to be concerned about Juliet. The audience know that the tears she is shedding are for Romeo as he has been banished from Verona. However Lady and Lord Capulet do not know about her love for him.In Act 3, Scene 5 lines 64-203 Lady Capulet follows her husbands orders and goes to tell Juliet of her marriage to Paris in three days time. Lady Capulet tells Juliet of her marriage to Paris on Thursday. Juliet is appalled and refuses. Upon finding out that Juliet does not want to marry Paris, Capulet threatens her Hang thee, young baggage, Disobedient wretch! I tell thee what, go to church o Thursday, Or never after look me in the face. Capulet is threatening to throw her out of the house, unless she goes to the church on Thursday to marr y Paris. He says he will disown her if she does not do this.He insults her but the nurse protects Juliet causing Lord Capulet to become enraged. Capulet then abuses her with many rhetorical questions which show a build-up of fury How? Will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? Is she not proud? By use of rhetorical questions, we see how annoyed Capulet is. We further see this when he starts repeating words that Juliet has said to him in her defence, as this shows sheer disbelief that his daughter is defying him. Capulet is tempted to hit Juliet; his Fingers itch; he has to refrain from hitting her. His anger starts to show more as he states that it was a curse in having her. Lady Capulet watches on as he threatens his own daughter with being disowned.This would be a frightening prospect for a 13 year old girl even today, as no 13 year old girl could survive alone on the streets. Juliet has to endure her fathers terrible rage whilst no one is there to protect her; this proves her lo yalty to Romeo even though under so much pressure. He seems very harsh towards Juliet and proves to be more interested in keeping his word to Paris than his own daughters feelings. Lady Capulet tells Juliet what a Careful father he is, and the marriage to Paris would give her much joy.Marriages could often be arranged at short notice, and neither be much unexpected nor I looked not for as Juliet says in surprise when told of her marriage with Paris. Often there was no attraction, and there would be no courting, and it was not uncommon for the bride not to see her husband until her wedding day.Capulets character goes under complete reform between Act1 Scene 2, and Act 3 Scene 5, as he goes from saying My will to her is but a part meaning that he will do whatever Juliet will want to do, to telling her she must marry, or Die in the streets. This sudden change in Capulets character reflects on the how a father should bring up his child. Fettle your fine joints gainst Thursday next. Says Capulet to his daughter, yet this is a rhetorical question because he will make her go there whether she wants to or not, dragging her on a hurdle thither.What is particularly surprising about this quote is that Capulet uses such harsh language against his only daughter and the fact that she is 14 doesnt stop him from attacking her with verbal threats and abuse. A further example of weddings having less to do with love and more to do with money is the fact that in Romeo Juliet, before Juliets marriage with Paris, all the time is spent making food and preparing music, rather than concentrating on Juliet and that it will be her last night unmarried. This shows that they have no concern for her and she feels as if she doesnt have caring and concerned adults surrounding her.Friar Lawrence is presented as a holy man who is trusted and respected by the other characters in the play. The centrality of the Friars position suggests a noteworthy failure of parental love. The Friars role as t he friend and advisor to Juliet highlights the conflict between the two parents and their children within the play. Romeo and Juliet cant tell their parents of their love because of the quarrel between the two families. In their isolation, Romeo and Juliet turn to the Friar who can offer neutral advice.At first, the Friar cant believe how quickly Romeo has abandoned Rosaline and fallen in love with Juliet, so he reminds Romeo of the rapidity of his decisions. However, he agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet in the hope that their marriage will settle the rift between the Montagues and the Capulets. His decision to marry the lovers is well-meaning but indicates that he is inexperienced in his assessment of the feud and hasnt reflected on the insinuations of Romeo and Juliets clandestine and concealed marriage.Friar Laurence sees that Juliets willingness to kill herself means that she will endure any danger rather than marry Paris. He uses this for her advantage and helps her. Friar Lawre nce is very much a wayward religious character, as it is he that comes up with the idea that is as desperate as an execution. This is quite an ironic thing to say, as it suggests that if she decides to go ahead with his plan she could get killed in a very painful death like an execution, and his language here seems desperate.Some shall be pardond, and some punished Act 5 Scene 3. Throughout the play Juliet has seen many sides of the adults who care and are concerned for her. Her death ended the ancient grudge of both families. She was responsible for what her plan was to cause. Everyone in Juliets life has a part to blame including Juliet herself. Her parents, Lady and Lord Capulet were partly responsible for keeping the feud going.They had authority over their household, and could have stopped the quarrelling if they wanted to. They should have paid more attention to Juliets wishes and listened to her opinions. They were too hard on her when she refused to marry Paris. Lord and Lad y Montague, like the Capulets, were also responsible for keeping the feud going. If they had been more understanding, Romeo would not have felt he had to keep secrets from them. The nurse is at fault as much as Juliets parents.The nurse; knowing that Juliet confides in her more than she does her own mother; should have taken much more responsibility over Juliet. In my view it is ironic that what is to be blamed for the death of Romeo and Juliet can not be punished nor pardoned. The tragedy was not the fault of any one individual but fate played a part in this tragic ending of Romeo and Juliet. In modern times, and in the Elizabethan era, fate played an important role in peoples lives. Many people believe it to be written in stone, and unchangeable. Many others believe it to be controlled by a persons own actions. In Romeo and Juliet, fate is one of the main themes, described ashaving power over many of the events in the play. Fate is often called upon,wondered about, and blamed for mishaps. However, where fate is blamed in theplay as the ultimate cause for a mishap, there is always an underlying action,or combination of them, on the part of human beings that decides theconsequences. The play Romeo and Juliet brings out a theme of fate, which turns out only to be surface deep. Behind each instance of ill fate is an underlying weakness on the part of one or more persons that dictate the results. Finally,almost all of the ill fated instances are easily traced to Friar Laurence, who himself represents the idea that fate does not exist, giving the conclusion that human weakness, the loss of self-control, is the force behind ill mishaps, not fate.

Project Cost Management Essay

Project Cost Management Essay Project Cost Management Essay Good evening ladies, gentleman and esteemed guest, for those of you who don’t know who I am I’m Aaron. Jacobs life mentor and hero, everything good about Jacob he got from me everything else that is bad he probably got from Danielle. Jacob has always looked up to me, thus tried to emulate me in every way hairstyle, his healthy eating life style and my good Christian values. The first time I met Jacob was in the summer of 2010, back then I had a Jedi’s rat’s tail which I proudly displayed to the world, a young Jacob spotted this from afar and he was instantly impressed and infatuated by its magnificent presence. He slowly approached me with a level of caution and curiosity. He opened his mouth and began to speak ‘hey man’ he said, ‘how long have you been growing that rats tail for?’ which I replied ‘3 and a bit years’. The look of his face was of amazement and awe he then continued speaking ‘yeah that’s pretty awesome man, I always see you around Garden City with it and I always recognize it straight away’ You see Jacob used to hang around Garden City all the time because he had interest in a girl called Kim Bui, but that is another story. Anyways as Jacob continued talking I realized he had a very small rat tail of his own which he then made apparent by pointing it out from then I knew what we had was real this shit was real I had found my little apprentice. Have a rats tail was not the only thing we had in common, we shared interest in things such as MMA which very few people at the time really knew about nor watched, and every time there used to be a UFC event we would go to Carbon Sports Bar at 9 am in the morning to ensure we have the best seats. Other things we shared were our taste in stupid shitty humor and doing stupid shit. Often our humor and jokes are only understood by us while others stare at us and wonder what in the fuck it is we are laughing or talking about, things such as HBKs, certain types of Japanese mushrooms, main antagonist from Harry Potter novels, a race of people from the Lord of the Rings novels and the list goes on We have shared many moments together stellar moments at know what is known formerly known as Burswood Casino’s fine eating establishments, building things out of nothing (does anyone here remember our spit roast?) and just random and to quote

Writer's Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writer's Choice - Essay Example The two rooms that houses the two art works have gone through renovation which was completed in 2010, hence the traditional auxiliary lighting has been enhanced with more advanced systems providing sufficient lighting for a decent analysis. The two paintings are embedded onto a velvet wall the Deposition on to a red velvet wall and the other one on a coral colored wall. The two art works convey religious messages as both have the Biblical Jesus Christ, the Deposition at his death and Bastiani’s as an infant. The two painting fosters the textual Biblical story of Jesus through art. First, the Deposition in which the artist shows gloomy characters in the painting are eight; three males and four females, shadowed by a dark cloud hanging above them, and the body of Jesus Christ occupies the center and foreground of the painting. On the near foreground there are human skulls and bones, and on the extreme background there is a clear sky overlooking certain vegetation and buildings, perhaps conveying the existence of a city far from the point of crucifixion. The second painting is livid with characters with the three magi on the fore ground, together with Mary the Virgin and Baby, to the left of Mary there are a male character and female character peeping to the conservations being held by the four. On the middle ground, there is a donkey and girl who seem to be putting on a rather pre modern attire. On the background toward the horizon, there are men on horses and buildings. The painting seems to have been captured in a dome like window common in churches. On the Deposition, the characters show real human emotions as all show deep grief on the death of Jesus Christ, particularly the holy virgin and Saint John are depicted in tearful pose. The magi and the mother and child are perhaps the focus of the artist and the painting. The

Delivering Service Excellence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Delivering Service Excellence - Assignment Example The airlines company is failing to maintain excellence in the services provided in terms of quality and price. The two key aspects of service excellence  which the airlines company requires to give attention to are thus quality and price maintenance. Ryan Airline, the competitors of British Airways is maintaining price and quality leadership for attaining a journey of excellence in the airlines industry. Therefore, to increase the competitiveness, sustain and grow in the business, British airways require elevating the service excellence towards the customers. The paper highlights in details about the shortcomings in the service marketing, recommendations for the same with suitable models and theories to indicate how the airlines company can  improve, and develop a sustainable service strategy.   Service can be described as solutions that are provided to deliver a consistent set of outcomes, performance and deliverables for organization, systems as well as people. Services are intended to satisfy the expectations, motivations and unmet needs of the receivers. The quality of service depends on the effectiveness of the activities of the providers. The performance and experience of a service rest on the way it is produced. A service may be further described as a perishable and intangible component of a business offering or a form of promoting tangible products. The complete methodology to generate awareness, interest, desire and action (AIDA) to ingest services that are offered by the provider is referred to as service marketing (Lin and Hsieh, 2014). Service marketing can be referred to as the subfield of marketing that covers the promotion of goods as well as services. Marketing of goods refers to the promotion of durables and the fast moving consumer good (FMCG). On the other hand, service marketing denotes to the business to business (B2B) and business to consumer (B2C) services (Lin and Hsieh,

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Government - Essay Example Goodlad, or David Berliner and Bruce Biddle) questioned the majority of its findings, sometimes pointing at its logical or statistical inconsistencies (â€Å"A Nation at Risk†). According to Berliner and Biddle, for instance, the implementation of new academic-performance standards was ‘misdirected’, as this, and similar, reforms did not lead to any significant changes in the field. Nonetheless, despite such criticisms, numerous investigations and surveys published around 2003, the report’s 20th anniversary, purported to show that the progress done in the field of education was rather significant, with more rigorous course requirements being especially referenced (â€Å"A Nation at Risk†). To my mind, the problems that A Nation at Risk highlighted are still with us, as the public school system is often under-financed, a teachers’ shortage problem is not solved yet, and the education standards are somewhat lacking to face the shifting realities of the U.S. and world economy’s requirements. The conduct of educational reform is dependent entirely on the national and state institutions that are charged with the development of educational sphere. That is why the persistent delays in the conduct of necessary educational reforms point to the absence of political will on behalf of their

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity in Cancer

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity in Cancer Conducted on the mean telomere length and the activity of telomerase in bone marrow samples to measure the survival and prognosis of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and found that the patients with a mean telomere length under 6Kb correlated with high telomerase activity similarly the telomere length over 6Kb had a significant correlation with lower telomerase activity (Bechter and Eisterer et al, 1998). This study portrays that telomere length alone is not sufficient enough information to provide prognostic characteristic in cancer therapy but together with the activity of telomerase it is more useful in clinical medicine. Table 2: Mean telomere length and telomerase activity measured and detected in different types of cancer The telomere length for most cancers range from very low to higher than normal somatic cell telomere length. Telomerase activity was also detected in most cancers except in pediatric bone where certain types of bone cancers were did not show detectable telomerase activity (Remes and Norrback et al, 2000, Hiyama and Gollahon et al, 1996, Tasumoto and Hiyama et al, 2000, Sotillo-Pineiro and Sierrasesumaga et al, 2004, Sommerfeid and Meeker et al, 1996, Albanell and Engalhardt et al, 1997). However there are some problems with this technique that makes this topic debatable like for example each type of cancer is unique which make is harder to pick a biological marker that is universally reliable hence the telomerase activity for each type of cancer must be studied individually. Another issue is that this method used highly sensitive assays to obtain telomere length and telomerase activity which in return means that it is more susceptible to false positive results or false negative results. A false positive result can arise due to contaminated lymphocytes as a result of inflammation in the surrounding issues that have no malignant cancer spread may also show telomerase activity. To overcome this issue Kinoshita, et al suggested, in a study evaluating telomerase activity in bladder cancer, that telomerase assays should be performed after antibiotic treatment. False negative results on the other hand may arise from PCR taq polymerase inhibitors in the sample such as bile s alt, heparin and hemoglobin. A highly sensitive telomerase activity assay has been proposed by Yaku and Murashima, et al (2013) that includes the use of magnetic beads which enables the washing process of PCR products to remove any inhibiting contaminants from the samples and hereby limiting the detection of false negative results. What are the current methods of telomere detection? Table 3: Different technique used to measure telomere length and their advantages and disadvantages. There are many different assays that have been developed to measure the activity of telomerase though the most common method used is the telomeric repeat amplification protocol also known as the TRAP/PCR assay. Although this technique is more sensitive and rapid compared to the conventional assays TRAP assay is not suitable for diagnostic purposes in large clinical samples due to its high technicality, obtains time consuming stages and cannot provide reliable quantitative data however many modification of the TRAP assay has been constructed to achieve a better suitable and more efficient way to detect telomerase activity some of which include bioluminescent TRAP-ELIPA (Zu and He et al, 2002), real time quantitative TRAP or (RTQ-TRAP) (Hou and Xu et al, 2001) and the fluorescent TRAP assay (Table 3). On the other hand, several studies have demonstrated enzymatic amplification rather than PCR based amplification to determine telomerase activity such as the DNAzyme assay (Wang and Donov on et al, 2013) however although this assay showed higher sensitivity than the TRAP assay, the enzymes used in the assay are also prone to inhibitions by other biological molecules in the sample. A more indirect approach in detecting telomerase activity has also been carried out by measuring the components of telomerase such as the hTERT mRNA using RTQ-PCR. As the hTR component of telomerase is found in all types of cells whereas hTERT mRNA is only found in cells that express telomerase therefore due to the strong correlation between hTERT mRNA levels and telomerase activity it becomes the next ideal target for detecting telomerase activity and hence cancer. This method was evaluated in peritoneal disseminated cells of gastrointestinal cancers by Botchkina and Rivadeneira et al, (2008) and the study concluded that this method had 100% sensitivity and 100% negative predictive value hence have an important diagnostic value. Furthermore additional longitudinal studies on larger clinical samples are required to fully benefit from its clinical cancer diagnostic values nonetheless telomerase activity can be combined with present cytological diagnosis methods to make a more accurate diagnosis. Telomerase activity can also be used to detect poor prognosis and help identify those that have a more advantage of benefiting from adjuvant treatments and due to its biological marker properties it can also be useful in the development of anti-cancer therapies. Can telomere length be used to predict life expectancy? A study conducted on domestic dog breeds show that peripheral blood mononuclear cell telomere length is a strong predictor of average life span and the breeds with shorter telomere lengths were found to have an increase probability of deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases. The correlation of telomere length in domestic dogs shows similar telomere biology to humans including telomere length, attrition and absence of somatic cell telomerase activity in comparison to studies conducted in mice models (Fick and Fick et al, 2012). Mice have rodent telomeres which have a significantly different dynamics in contrast to human telomeres and are much longer with shorter life span, making it difficult to address whether or not telomere length can be used to predict life expectancy directly. However studies that have been conducted on mice also show that the rate of increasing short telomere length predicts longevity in mammals providing more evidence for the association between telomere lengt h and life expectancy (Vera and Jesus et al, 2012). As telomere shortening is inversely correlated with age which in return is very likely to correlate with age associated issues including lifespan. One of the largest family studies on telomere length in humans also reported a correlation between telomere length, aging and life span as well as a significant indication that telomere length is also influenced by genetics specifically from the paternal inheritance (Njajau and Cawthon et al, 2007). This study suggests the possibility that the genes that are controlling telomere length may also affect lifespan (Figure 5). Another more recent study conducted by Heidinger and Blount et al, (2011) on Zebra finches, measuring telomere lengths from nesting stage to various points of its natural lifespan producing the strongest available for the relationship between telomere length and life span. This study suggests that telomere length at early stages in life is a strong indicator of lifespan however as humans retain a higher life expectancy co mpared to zebra finches it’s harder to compare these findings to humans. Therefore similar studies should be carried out to evaluate the importance of early life telomere length and lifespan in humans. Figure 5 The mean telomere length in wild type( WT) mice and transgenic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TgTERT) mice both decreased with age whereas the amount of short telomeres measured increased with age (5A). This shows that telomere length is significatly negatively correlated with life span in mice similarly to the strong negative association between age and telomere length in humans supported by results obtained by Njajou et al (5B). There is a distinct market in the industry that includes various privet companies and clinics such as Life length, RepeatD and TeloMe, which are providing the public the ability to determine an individual’s biological age through measuring the length telomeres via blood tests. Most of these companies use flow-PCR, RTQ-PCR or Q-FISH to estimate telomere length however to be able to estimate an individual’s life expectancy is a debateable topic however there are various benefits that comes with obtaining information about how short or long ones telomere is like for example the biological age is an indicator of overall health status and essentially help people proceed a healthier life style with better understanding of how life style actions are effect aging process. It is important to take in to consideration that the telomere length tests that are currently available are not able to predict life span as it is effected by a wide range of factors than telomeres alone. More over these tests can be used to see if there in an improvement in the rate of biological aging and can even be used to monitor the prognosis of current treatments and help disease prevention however the uses of these tests in a clinical environment still requires further longitudinal research and understanding in more depth of telomeres and its involvement in different diseases than what is currently known. This includes more studies of how telomere length is affected during early stages of life and how the inherited and environmental factors affect telomere length. Is it possible to alter telomere length using modern technology or in the near future? Table 4: The population doublings and telomerase activity detected in pBabe, pBabest2 and pBabest2-AS infected BJ cells. The reconstructions of telomerase activity in normal neonatal human fibroblast cell strain (BJ) which do not poses telomerase activity but however express the RNA subunit of telomerase complex (hTR) have been reported to display elongation of telomeres and extend replicative life span. The cells were infected with cDNA coding for hTERT sub-cloned in the retroviral vector pBabe, pBabest-2 and pBabest-2-As. The PBabest-2 under the control promotor of the Maloney Murine leukaemia long terminal repeat sense strand exceeded the normal estimated life span of BJ cells of 87-90 PDs and hence showing evidence for forced expression of telomerase activity results in extended life span (Vaziri and Benchimol et al, 1998). This study reveals that pBabest-2 cells can potentially replace genetically unstable cell lines through the expression of telomerase in gene therapy in order to treat age related diseases and cancer. Consequently other studies have shown that the inhibition of telomerase leads to telomere shortening and cell death and therefore can be used as anticancer drugs. Telomerase inhibiting drugs are currently under phase 2 of clinical trials and its effects on telomere shortening is reversible however the process of telomere shortening with inhibition requires a long period of time before a significant change in cell growth is seen due to the presence of the cells alternative telomere lengthening mechanisms (ATL) for maintaining telomeres. Figure 6 The HME50-5E cells underwent apoptosis against number of days after transfected with complementary 2’-O-MeRNA oligomer telomerase inhibitors. More than 50% of cells went under apoptosis after 100 days after the initial transfection (Herbert et al, 1999). Herbert and Pitts et al, 1999, reported that peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and 2-O-MeRNA oligomers inhibit the activity of hTR telomerase in immortal human cell lines HME50-5E and DU145 hence can be used as a potential chemotherapeutic drug (figure 6). The use of targeting telomerase in direct anticancer therapies also has its drawbacks as telomerase activity is also found in some somatic human cells that may also be targeted during treatment. Additionally a small minority of cancers have been reported to exhibit no significant telomerase activity therefore the treatment may not be as effective in certain cancers compared to others due to drug resistance. Another issue with this approach is that chemically related molecules may carry the risk if being unintentionally inhibited which could result in harmful side effects. Based on the research that that has been carried out on telomeres it is well established that telomere length can be easily manipulated however like in most biological pathways when the natural process are disrupted there are always positive and negative consequence. In this case involuntarily altering telomere length requires the manipulation of telomerase activity (Lee and Hills et al, 2013). The increase in telomerase activity has been associated with multiple different cancers which could therefore potentially increase the risk of developing cancer while reducing the risk of developing CHD and other diseases that are associated with telomere shortening. Furthermore additional studies are required to develop a more advanced technique that can alter telomere length and at the same time prevent or repress cancer. Alternatively a follow up study reported that a series of lifestyle changes such as plant based diet, moderate exercise, stress management and increased social support provided to men with low risk for prostate cancer, revealed an increase in relative telomere length in the intervention group compared to the controls after 5 years. This study shows a significant correlation between telomere length and lifestyle changes, indicating that telomere length can also be altered naturally by reducing the environmental risk factors associated with telomere shortening without having to interfere with telomerase activity (Ornish and Lin et al, 2013). Conclusion The discovery of telomeres and telomerase is without a doubt a major revolutionary step in the scientific field which has led to the understanding of biological age and its association with low mortality medical conditions such as CHD and Cancer. However there are still some structural aspects of telomeres and telomerase that are not fully understood, like for example telomere binding factors TRF1 and TRF2 have only a few studies which suggest that they are part of a telomere maintaining control mechanism (Smogorzewska and Steensel et al, 2000). Therefore these negative regulators can also be possibly targeted in therapies in the future as they have been found to be associated with telomerase activity and hence telomere shortening and eventually lead to programed death of cancerous cells through apoptosis. Although most telomerase inhibition drugs have failed due to long lag phase period before effective shortening of telomeres occur, it can still be used in combination with present chemotherapeutic drugs and provide a more efficiently induced cell death (Cerone and Londono-Vallejo et al, 2006). Moreover telomere length is an independent biomarker for assessing cardiovascular diseases therefore telomere length testing can be used in clinical medicine as a risk factor for early diagnosis faster than current biomarkers such as cholesterol levels. The future will undoubtedly point to new discoveries of how telomere and age related diseases are associated and help prevent them.

Wed Searching Behaviour of Students :: Essays Papers

Wed Searching Behaviour of Students In the article â€Å"A visit to the information mall: web searching behavior of high school students†, the authors aimed at describing the searching behavior of high school students and recommending changes in the design of the web that may improve the learning experience of students (Fidel et al, 1999). The authors conducted a field research to analyze the web-searching behavior of high school students for the three weekly assignments. The field research was a case study involving activities including: observation in class and at the terminal with students thinking aloud; interviews with various participants including students, the teacher who assigned the assignments, the one and only one librarian and the principal of the school; and discussions within research team. 8 students who enrolled in a horticulture class voluntarily participated in the research for the team members to observe them searching online information on a one-on-one basis and interview them at the end of the observation period. Since the students were observed in the horticulture class for three successive weeks and not all the 8 students were present during the three weeks, the team totally observed 21 search sessions in the observation period. After recording observations and interviews, the authors found that the students performed focused searching, in which they just looked for information to accomplish the assignments without deviating from this task such as guiding searches according to assignment sheets and ignoring entertaining diversions on the screen. The authors also discovered that the students performed swift and flexible searching, where they scanned sites quickly and determined the relevance of sites by skimming the first screen and the graphics of the sites. In order to make sure that one can always start a new search and ask for help, the students used landmarks to continue exploring new sites with a safe and familiar site. Overall, they were satisfied with their searches and results but impatient with slow response. The reasons why the students enjoyed searching the web were because the web had a variety of formats such as pictures and sounds, covered a multitude of subjects, and provided easy access to information. However, the authors had also observed that the students encountered difficulties while searching, by which the authors considered that it implied the need for training to students, teachers and all involved and the need for designing the web to customize user seeking and searching behavior in order to improve the